In last article we have discussed concept of heat. In this article, we shall study the concept of temperature, different temperature scales, and convert temperature in different temperature scales.

Defining Temperature:

Temperature can be defined in several ways:

• The temperature may be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
• It is an indicator of the average thermal energy (Kinetic energy) of the molecules of the body.
• It is that physical quantity which decides the flow of heat in bodies brought in contact. Heat always flow from the body at higher temperature to the body at the lower temperature.

It is measured in °C (centigrade or Celsius) or K (Kelvin). It is measured by a device called a thermometer.

Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature:

Temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is the energy associated with its motion. According to the kinetic theory:

• Temperature and Kinetic Energy: As the temperature of a substance increases, the average kinetic energy of its particles also increases. This means that at higher temperatures, the particles move faster on average.
• Temperature and Particle Speed: Temperature is directly related to the average speed of the particles in a substance. Higher temperatures correspond to higher average speeds, while lower temperatures correspond to lower average speeds.
• Collisions and Pressure: The kinetic theory also explains pressure in terms of particle motion. When particles collide with the walls of their container, they exert a force, resulting in pressure. The force of the collisions depends on the speed of the particles, which in turn is related to temperature.
• Absolute Zero: According to the kinetic theory, at absolute zero (0 Kelvin), particles would have minimal kinetic energy, meaning they would completely cease their motion. This is the lowest possible temperature and represents the point at which particles have minimal energy.

Thus, the kinetic interpretation of temperature provides a fundamental understanding of how the motion of particles at the microscopic level influences the macroscopic properties of a substance, such as its temperature, pressure, and volume.

Various Temperature Scales:

There are several temperature scales used around the world, each with its own reference points and units of measurement. Here are the most common temperature scales:

Celsius Scale (° C):

In this scale, the melting point of ice at one-atmosphere pressure and at mean sea level is taken as the lower reference point and consider as 0° C. While boiling point of water at one atmosphere pressure and at mean sea level is taken as an upper reference point and consider as 100° C. The range between the two reference points is divided into 100 equal parts and each part is called 1° C (one degree Celsius). This scale is also called a centigrade scale.

A lower limit of 0° C is considered arbitrary, this scale can be extended to indicate negative temperatures also. A temperature below -273.15° C is not possible.

Fahrenheit Scale (° F):

In this scale, the melting point of ice at one-atmosphere pressure and at mean sea level is taken as the lower reference point and consider as 32° F. While boiling point of water at one atmosphere pressure and at mean sea level is taken as the upper reference point and consider as 212° F. The range between the two reference points is divided into 180 equal parts and each part is called 1° F (one degree Fahrenheit). Nowadays, this scale is not in use.

Kelvin Scale (K):

In this scale, the lowest possible temperature -273.15° C  is taken as a lower reference point. This temperature is called absolute zero. The division of 1 K is equal to 1° C. The unit of temperature in the kelvin scale is K (kelvin) and is considered as the fundamental unit in the S.I. system of units.

Reaumer Scale:

In this scale, the melting point of ice at one-atmosphere pressure and at mean sea level is taken as the lower reference point and consider as 0° R. While boiling point of water at one-atmosphere pressure and at mean sea level is taken as an upper reference point and consider as 80° R. The range between the two reference points is divided into 80 equal parts and each part is called 1° R (one-degree Reaumer).

Difference between Heat and Temperature:

Heat and temperature are related concepts in thermodynamics, but they represent different aspects of thermal energy.

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