Science > Chemistry > Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetics
Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics
- The Scope of Chemical Thermodynamics
- Limitations of Thermodynamics
- Terminology of Thermodynamics
- Types of System
- Properties of System
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Isothermal Process
- Isobaric Process
- Isochoric Process
- Adiabatic Process
- Reversible Process
- Irreversible Process
- Cyclic Process
- Graphical Representation of various Processes
Concept of Internal Energy of a System
- Constituents of Internal Energy
- The Significance of Internal Energy
- Characteristics of Internal Energy
- Pressure-Volume Work
- Work Done during Free Expansion
- Sign Convention
- Numerical Problems Based on Pressure-Volume Work
- The Concept of Maximum Work
- Work Done in Isothermal Reversible Process
- Difference Between Heat and work
- Numerical Problems Based on Maximum Work
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Sign Convention Used
- Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics to Different Processes
- Concept of Enthalpy of a System
- Change in Enthalpy of a System
- Change in Enthalpy of a System at Constant Pressure
- Change in Enthalpy of a System at Constant Volume
- Relation Between the Change in Enthalpy and the Change in Internal Energy
- Work Done in Chemical Reaction
Numerical Problems on Enthalpy Change
- To Calculate the Change in Internal Energy of a System
- To Calculate the Change in Enthalpy of a System
- To Calculate Work Done in a Chemical Reaction
Thermochemistry and the Concept of Heat of Reaction
- Thermochemical Equation
- Guidelines to Write Thermochemical Equation
- The Necessity of Mentioning State of Substances Involved
- The Heat of Reaction or Enthalpy of Reaction
- The Heat of Reaction at Constant Pressure
- The Heat of Reaction at Constant Volume
- Exothermic and Endothermic Chemical Reactions
Enthalpy of Different Chemical Processes
- Enthalpy of Formation
- Enthalpy of Dissociation
- Enthalpy of Combustion
- Enthalpy of Neutralization
- Enthalpy of Fusion
- Enthalpy of Freezing
- Enthalpy of Vapourization
- Enthalpy of Condensation
- Enthalpy of Sublimation
- Enthalpy of Ionization
- Enthalpy of Atomization
- Enthalpy of Solution
- Enthalpy of Dilution
- Bond Enthalpy
- Crystal Lattice Energy
- Enthalpy of Hydration
- Concept of Bond Enthalpy
- Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
- Heat of Reaction From Bond Enthalpy
- Numerical Problems
Hess’s law of Constant Heat Summation
- Statement and explanation
- Illustration of Hess’s Law
- Applications of Hess’s law
- Numerical Problems
- Spontaneous Process
- Characteristics of Spontaneous Process
- Non-Spontaneous Process
- Characteristics of Non-Spontaneous Process
- Energy and Spontaneity
- Concept of Entropy
- Entropy and Spontaneity
The Concept of Gibb’s Free Energy
- Derivation of Gibb’s Helmholtz Equation
- Gibb’s Energy and Spontaneity
- Numerical Problems
- Third Law of Thermodynamics